Rancang Bangun Sistem Water Reclaim Sederhana Berbasis Koagulasi, Filtrasi Multilapis, dan Disinfeksi Ultraviolet untuk Pengolahan Air Limbah Rumah Tangga (Greywater)

Mahfuddin Zuhri; Nanda Fitri Hartanti; Ardian Arif Setiawan; Aep Setiawan

doi:10.47134/pslse.v3i3.752

Authors

Mahfuddin Zuhri IPB University
Nanda Fitri Hartanti IPB University
Ardian Arif Setiawan IPB University
Aep Setiawan IPB University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47134/pslse.v3i3.752

Keywords:

Water Reclaim, Greywater, Air Limbah Rumah Tangga, Koagulasi, Filtrasi Multistage, Disinfeksi Ultraviolet, Air Daur Ulang

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang dan mengevaluasi sistem water reclaim skala rumah tangga menggunakan kombinasi proses koagulasi, filtrasi multistage, dan disinfeksi sinar ultraviolet (UV). Sistem pengolahan terdiri atas proses koagulasi menggunakan tawas (KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O), filtrasi multistage yang memanfaatkan media batu gravel, pasir kuarsa, zeolit, karbon aktif, dan serat loofah, serta disinfeksi menggunakan lampu UV sebagai tahap akhir pengolahan. Kinerja sistem dievaluasi berdasarkan parameter organoleptik, derajat keasaman (pH), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), kadar surfaktan, serta parameter kualitas air lainnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang dikembangkan mampu meningkatkan kualitas greywater melalui penurunan kekeruhan, padatan tersuspensi, dan kontaminan, serta menghasilkan air dengan karakteristik fisika dan kimia yang lebih baik. Kombinasi koagulasi, filtrasi multistage, dan disinfeksi UV memberikan solusi yang sederhana, ekonomis, dan ramah lingkungan untuk pemanfaatan kembali greywater pada kebutuhan nonpotabel, seperti pencucian kendaraan, penyiraman tanaman, dan pembersihan area luar ruangan, sehingga berpotensi mendukung konservasi sumber daya air secara berkelanjutan.

References

Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia. (2016). Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 68 Tahun 2016 tentang baku mutu air limbah domestik. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2001). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 tentang pengelolaan kualitas air dan pengendalian pencemaran air.

Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2021). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang penyelenggaraan perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup.

World Health Organization. (2003). Domestic water quantity, service level and health. World Health Organization.

Adin, A. (2003). Slow granular filtration for water reuse. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 3(4), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0067

Al-Gheethi, A., Mohamed, R., Wurochekke, A., Nurulainee, N., Mas, R., & Amir, H. M. (2017). Efficiency of Moringa oleifera seeds for treatment of laundry wastewater. MATEC Web of Conferences, 103, Article 06001. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710306001

Allen, L., Christian-Smith, J., & Palaniappan, M. (2010). Overview of greywater reuse: The potential of greywater systems to aid sustainable water management. Pacific Institute.

Amran, A. H., Zaidi, N. S., Muda, K., & Wai Loan, L. (2018). Effectiveness of natural coagulant in coagulation process: A review. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(3.9), 34–37. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.9.15269

Aziz, T., Pratiwi, D. Y., & Rethiana, L. (2013). Pengaruh penambahan tawas Al₂(SO₄)₃ dan kaporit Ca(OCl)₂ terhadap karakteristik fisik dan kimia air Sungai Lambidaro. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 19(3), 55–65.

Basha, M. (2019). Filtration. In Analytical techniques in biochemistry. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8793-2

Bourne, D. G., Blakeley, R. L., Riddles, P., & Jones, G. J. (2006). Biodegradation of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR in natural water and biologically active slow sand filters. Water Research, 40(6), 1294–1302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.022

Choy, S. Y., Prasad, K. M. N., YeongWu, T., Raghunandan, M. E., & Ramanan, R. N. (2014). Utilization of plant-based natural coagulants as future alternatives towards sustainable water clarification. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 26(11), 2178–2189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60645-1

Connell, D. W., & Miller, G. J. (1995). Kimia dan ekotoksikologi pencemaran. UI Press.

Dakua, M., Mahmood, M., Bhowmik, S., & Khaled. (2016). Potential of grey water recycling in water-scarce urban areas in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 7(8), 563–567. https://doi.org/10.18178/IJESD.2016.7.8.840

Dang, H. T., Dinh, C. V., Nguyen, K. M., Tran, N. T., Pham, T. T., & Narbaitz, R. M. (2020). Loofah sponges as bio-carriers in a pilot-scale integrated fixed-film activated sludge system for municipal wastewater treatment. Sustainability, 12(11), Article 4758. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114758

Darby, J. L., Attanasio, R. E., & Lawler, D. F. (1992). Filtration of heterodisperse suspensions: Modeling of particle removal and head loss. Water Research, 26(6), 711–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(92)90091-M

Das, T. K. (2001). Ultraviolet disinfection application to a wastewater treatment plant. Clean Products and Processes, 3(2), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100980100108

Edzwald, J. K. (1993). Coagulation in drinking water treatment: Particles, organics and coagulants. Water Science and Technology, 27(11), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0579

Fielding, K. S., Dolnicar, S., & Schultz, T. (2019). Public acceptance of recycled water. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(4), 551–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2018.1531644

Friedler, E., & Alfiya, Y. (2010). Physicochemical treatment of office and public buildings greywater. Water Science and Technology, 62(10), 2357–2363. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.486

Fulazzaky, M. A. (2014). Challenges of integrated water resources management in Indonesia. Water, 6(7), 2000–2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/w6072000

Gan, W., & Zeng, T. (2018). A review of water reclamation research in China's urban landscape design and planning practice. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 989, Article 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/989/1/012006

Garde, W. K., Buchberger, S. G., Wendell, D., & Kupferle, M. J. (2017). Application of Moringa oleifera seed extract to treat coffee fermentation wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 329, 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.046

Gilbert, R. G., Nakayama, F. S., Bucks, D. A., French, O. F., Adamson, K. C., & Johnson, R. M. (1982). Trickle irrigation: Predominant bacteria in treated Colorado River water and biologically clogged emitters. Irrigation Science, 3(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00256092

Guida, M., Mattei, M., Della Rocca, C., Melluso, G., & Meriç, S. (2007). Optimization of alum coagulation/flocculation for COD and TSS removal from five municipal wastewaters. Desalination, 211(1–3), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.085

Ives, K. J. (1963). Simplified rational analysis of filter behavior. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 25(3), 345–363.

Jalal, G., Abbas, N., Deeba, F., Butt, T., Jilal, S., & Sarfraz, S. (2021). Efficient removal of dyes in textile effluents using aluminum-based coagulant. Chemistry International, 7(3), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4706365

Jiang, J.-Q. (2015). The role of coagulation in water treatment. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 8, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2015.01.008

Kim, S. H., Moon, S. Y., Yoon, C. H., Yim, S. K., & Cho, J. W. (2005). Role of coagulation in membrane filtration of wastewater for reuse. Desalination, 173(3), 301–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.08.042

March, J. G., Gual, M., & Ramonell, J. (2005). A kinetic model for chlorine consumption in grey water. Desalination, 181(1–3), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.024

Mark, R. W., Veerapaneni, S., & Brejchová, D. (1992). Improvements in membrane microfiltration using coagulation pretreatment. In Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment II (pp. 281–296). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76093-8_22

McGuigan, K. G., Joyce, T. M., Conroy, R. M., Gillespie, J. B., & Meegan, M. E. (1998). Solar disinfection of drinking water contained in transparent plastic bottles: Characterizing the bacterial inactivation process. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 84(6), 1138–1148. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00455.x

Mediawan, Y., Montarcih, L., Soetopo, W., & Prayogo, T. B. (2021). Water balance supporting the irrigation water demand in Java Island, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 53(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.61009

Messakh, J. J., & Punuf, D. A. (2020). Study on the accessibility of water sources to meet the water needs of rural communities in semi-arid regions of Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 426, Article 012190. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/426/1/012190

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2007). Water reuse: Issues, technologies, and applications. McGraw-Hill.

Miller, G. W. (2006). Integrated concepts in water reuse: Managing global water needs. Desalination, 187(1–3), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.065

Mousavi, S. A., & Khodadoost, F. (2019). Effects of detergents on natural ecosystems and wastewater treatment processes: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(26), 26439–26448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05802-x

Okun, D. A. (2000). Water reclamation and unrestricted nonpotable reuse: A new tool in urban water management. Annual Review of Public Health, 21, 223–245. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.223

Prakash, N. B., Sockan, V., & Jayakaran, P. (2014). Waste water treatment by coagulation and flocculation. International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology, 3(2), 479–484.

Richardson, S. D., & Postigo, C. (2011). Drinking water disinfection by-products. In D. Barceló (Ed.), Emerging organic contaminants and human health (pp. 93–137). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23734-8_4

Rhodes, F. H., & Bascom, C. H. (1931). Effect of pH upon the detergent action of soap. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 23(7), 778–780. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50259a017

Saritha, V., Srinivas, N., & Srikanth, N. V. (2017). Analysis and optimization of coagulation and flocculation process. Applied Water Science, 7, 451–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0269-y

Shioya, S., Morikawa, M., Kajihara, Y., & Shimizu, H. (1999). Optimization of agitation and aeration conditions for maximum virginiamycin production. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 51(2), 164–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530051380

Summers, K. (2020). Water quality science, assessment and policy. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78654

Tamason, C. C., Bessias, S., Villada, A., Tulsiani, S. M., Ensink, J. H. J., Gurley, E. S., & Mackie, P. K. (2016). Measuring domestic water use: A systematic review of methodologies that measure unmetered water use in low-income settings. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 21(11), 1389–1402. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12780

Tiaiba, M., Merzouk, B., Mazour, M., Leclerc, J.-P., & Lapicque, F. (2018). Study of chemical coagulation conditions for a disperse red dye removal from aqueous solutions. Membrane and Water Treatment, 9(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2018.9.1.009

Tortajada, C., & Ong, C. N. (2016). Reused water policies for potable use. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(4), 500–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1179174

Ubomba-Jaswa, E., Navntoft, C., Polo-López, M. I., Fernández-Ibáñez, P., & McGuigan, K. G. (2009). Solar disinfection of drinking water (SODIS): An investigation of the effect of UV-A dose on inactivation efficiency. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 8(5), 587–595. https://doi.org/10.1039/B816593A

Verma, S., Daverey, A., & Sharma, A. (2017). Slow sand filtration for water and wastewater treatment: A review. Environmental Technology Reviews, 6(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2017.1285540

Vigneswaran, S. (2004). Recycle and reuse of domestic wastewater. In Waste recycle, reuse, and reclamation. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). Eolss Publishers.

Vörösmarty, C. J., McIntyre, P. B., Gessner, M. O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S. E., Sullivan, C. A., Reidy Liermann, C., et al. (2010). Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature, 467(7315), 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09440

Wijaya, I. M. W., & Soedjono, E. S. (2018). Domestic wastewater in Indonesia: Challenge in the future related to nitrogen content. International Journal of GEOMATE, 15(47), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.21660/2018.47.7178

Williams, D., Silverman, G. P., Hendricks, D. W., & Logsdon, G. S. (1985). Removing Giardia cysts with slow sand filtration. Journal - American Water Works Association, 77(2), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1985.tb05646.x

Wu, G. L., Liu, Y., Yang, Z., Cui, Z., Deng, L., Chang, X. F., & Shi, Z. H. (2017). Root channels indicate the increase in soil matrix water infiltration capacity of arid reclaimed mine soils. Journal of Hydrology, 546, 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.01.002

Yi, L., Jiao, W., Chen, X., & Chen, W. (2011). An overview of reclaimed water reuse in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 23(10), 1585–1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60546-3