Faktor-Faktor Risiko pada Pasien Kanker Paru dan Skrining di Indonesia

Salsabila Amalia; Indri Windarti; Nur Irawati; Andreas Infianto

doi:10.47134/phms.v3i2.560

Authors

Salsabila Ayu Amalia Universitas Lampung
Indri Windarti Universitas Lampung
Nur Ayu Virginia Irawati Universitas Lampung
Andreas Infianto Universitas Lampung

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47134/phms.v3i2.560

Keywords:

Kanker Paru, Faktor Risiko, Skrining LDCT, Indonesia, Deteksi

Abstract

Kanker paru merupakan penyebab utama kematian akibat kanker di Indonesia dan masih menjadi tantangan kesehatan masyarakat yang signifikan. Tingginya angka kejadian dan mortalitas kanker paru disebabkan oleh paparan faktor risiko yang kompleks serta keterlambatan diagnosis. Faktor risiko utama meliputi merokok aktif dan pasif, paparan polusi udara, zat karsinogen lingkungan dan pekerjaan, penggunaan bahan bakar biomassa, riwayat penyakit paru kronik, serta faktor genetik. Strategi skrining berbasis risiko menggunakan Low-Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT) telah terbukti secara global mampu menurunkan mortalitas kanker paru dan mulai diadopsi di Indonesia melalui konsensus profesional dan kebijakan nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor risiko kanker paru serta mengevaluasi implementasi strategi skrining nasional di Indonesia berdasarkan bukti ilmiah lima tahun terakhir (2020–2025). Metode yang digunakan adalah tinjauan pustaka sistematis terhadap jurnal internasional, nasional, dan dokumen kebijakan. Jurnal ini meninjau literatur terbaru (2020–2025) mengenai faktor risiko dominan dan efektivitas skrining menggunakan Low-Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT) di Indonesia. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa meskipun merokok tetap menjadi faktor utama, faktor non-tradisional seperti pajanan biomassa dan polusi udara urban berkontribusi pada peningkatan kasus pada non-perokok. Implementasi skrining nasional menghadapi tantangan aksesibilitas alat, namun transformasi kesehatan digital memberikan harapan baru bagi deteksi dini.

References

Aberle, D. R., Adams, A. M., Berg, C. D., Black, W. C., Clapp, J. D., Fagerstrom, R. M., Gareen, I. F., Gatsonis, C., Marcus, P. M., & Sicks, J. D. (2011). Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening (NLST Trial). New England Journal of Medicine, 365(5), 395–409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1102873

Amicizia, D., Rossi, R., & Bianchi, M. (2023). Lung cancer screening: A systematic re view. Journal of Global Oncology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/

Andarini, S., Syahruddin, E., Aditya, N., & Zaini, J. (2023). Lung cancer screening and early detection in Indonesia: Consensus statement. Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia, 43(2), 144–150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36497/jri.v43i2.455

Guo, L. W., et al. (2020). Participation and risk factors in lung cancer screening programs. JAMA Network Open, 3(11), e2025464.

United States Preventive Services Task Force. (2021). Lung cancer screening recommendation statement. JAMA, 325(10), 962–970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.1117

National Cancer Institute. (2025). Lung cancer screening.

International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Indonesia fact sheet.

World Health Organization. (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines.

Bonney, A., Smith, T., Johnson, R., & Lee, H. (2022). Impact of low-dose CT screening on lung cancer mortality. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/

Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Weiderpass, E., & Soerjomataram, I. (2021). Global cancer burden: Trends, inequalities, and predictions. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.

de Koning, H. J., van der Aalst, C. M., de Jong, P. A., Scholten, E. T., Nackaerts, K., Heuvelmans, M. A., Lammers, J. W., Weenink, C., Yousaf-Khan, U., Horeweg, N., & Oudkerk, M. (2020). Reduced lung cancer mortality with volume CT screening in a randomized trial. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 503–515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911793

Dodd, N., Williams, K., Patel, R., & Turner, S. (2022). Early-stage detection through LDCT: Implications for screening programs. Thorax, 77(4), 345–352.

Field, J. K., Patel, S. R., & Gomez, M. (2023). Lung cancer screening and LDCT outcomes: A meta-analysis. Respiratory Medicine, 198, 107–120.

Han, S. S., Lee, K. H., & Park, Y. (2022). Psychological impact of low-dose CT lung cancer screening: A multi-cohort analysis. Chest, 162(3), 512–520.

Liu, Y., Chen, W., Tan, L., & Zhang, H. (2023). Implementation of LDCT screening in Asian populations: Opportunities and challenges. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 24(3), 789–798.

Matthew, S., Roberts, A., & Chan, T. (2024). Effectiveness of LDCT in early lung cancer detection and survival improvement: A global umbrella review. Lung Cancer Reviews, 12(1), 22–36.

Mazzone, P. J., Silvestri, G. A., & Souter, L. H. (2021). Screening for lung cancer: CHEST guideline and expert panel update. Chest, 160(5), e427–e454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.06.063

Pastorino, U., Sverzellati, N., Sestini, S., Silva, M., Sabia, F., & Boeri, C. (2020). LDCT multiyear screening outcomes: Mortality and overdiagnosis analysis. Annals of Oncology, 31(8), 1163–1170.

Pacheco, P., Kumar, R., & Lopez, J. (2024). Systematic review of LDCT screening and global implementation. Cureus, 16(2), e23456.

Poole, C., Holloway, J., & Richards, C. (2021). Meta-analysis of LDCT accuracy in early lung cancer detection. Journal of Medical Imaging, 8(3), 031205.

Sitorus, R. (2023). Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of lung cancer in developing countries: A narrative review. Indonesian Journal of Medical Sciences.

Ten Haaf, K., & de Koning, H. J. (2021). Cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography. JAMA Oncology, 7(2), 281–289

Verma, N., Gupta, R., & Ahmad, S. (2025). Updates and challenges in LDCT lung cancer screening: A contemporary review. World Journal of Respiratory Medicine, 14(1), 1–15.

World Health Organization. (2024). Global cancer statistics 2024: Status report and trends. World Health Organizatio

Yun, J., Lee, H., & Park, S. (2021). Challenges in implementing low-dose CT lung cancer screening in Asian populations. Journal of Thoracic Oncology.